Is work-family conflict a pathway between job strain components and binge eating? A cross-sectional analysis from the ELSA-Brasil study.

BACKGROUND: Job strain has been reported as a trigger for binge eating, yet the underlying mechanisms have been unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether work-family conflict is a pathway in the association between job strain and binge eating, considering the possible effect-modifying influence of body mass index (BMI). METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis included 12,084 active civil servants from the multicenter Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Job strain was assessed using the Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire. Work-family conflict was considered as a latent variable comprising three items. Binge eating was defined as eating a large amount of food in less than 2 h at least twice a week in the last six months with a sense of lack of control over what and how much was eaten. Structural equation modelling was used to test the role of work-family conflict in the association between job strain and binge eating, stratifying for BMI. RESULTS: For individuals of normal weight, positive associations were found between skill discretion and binge eating (standardized coefficient [SC] = 0.209, 95%CI = 0.022-0.396), and between psychological job demands and work-family conflict (SC = 0.571, 95%CI = 0.520-0.622), but no statistically significant indirect effect was found. In overweight individuals, psychological job demands, skill discretion, and work-family conflict were positively associated with binge eating (SC = 0.099, 95%CI = 0.005-0.193; SC = 0.175, 95%CI = 0.062-0.288; and SC = 0.141, 95%CI = 0.077-0.206, respectively). Also, work-family conflict was observed to be a pathway on the associations of psychological job demands and decision authority with binge eating (SC = 0.084, 95%CI = 0.045-0.122; and SC = - 0.008, 95%CI = - 0.015- - 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Work-family conflict partly explains effects of high levels of psychological job demands and low levels of decision authority on binge eating among overweight individuals. Moreover, skill discretion is positively associated with binge eating, regardless of BMI category.

Recent studies have found work-family conflict (i.e., incompatible work and family demands) to link between work issues and physical and mental health. Accordingly, this study investigated whether the relationship between job strain and binge eating is explained by work-family conflict, by body mass index (BMI), in a large sample of Brazilian civil servants. Overall, this study demonstrated that, among overweight individuals, excessive job demands and low decision authority (over what to do at work and how) contribute to binge eating by increasing work-family conflict. Also, excessive skill discretion at work, including opportunities to acquire and use specific job skills, is related to binge eating, regardless of BMI, which deserves further investigation. In conclusion, the results indicate that work-family conflict is a potential mechanism through which job strain can affect eating behavior among overweight individuals.

Characteristics of neighborhood environment (social cohesion and safety) and common mental disorders in ELSA-Brasil study: a multilevel analysis.

The purpose of this study was to determine if self-reported characteristics of social cohesion and local neighborhood safety positively affect the mental health of their residents, regardless of individual characteristics. A sample of participants in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline was used. The Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R) instrument was used for tracking common mental disorders (CMD). Social cohesion and safety were measured by validated scales of neighborhood environment self-reported characteristics. The multilevel logistic regression model was used to estimate the effect in neighborhoods (level 2) and individuals (level 1), as well as the odds ratios for each neighborhood explanatory variable and social characteristics in the CMD. The results showed that part of the variance (2.3%), in the common mental disorders prevalence is attributed to local neighborhoods. The characteristics of social cohesion and safety remained significant, even after the adjustment of individual explanatory variables. This study confirmed the hypothesis that individuals living in neighborhoods where they perceive low social cohesion and safety present a higher chance of developing CMD.

Shift work, sleep duration, and body image dissatisfaction among female workers in southern Brazil.

We examined the association between shift work and sleep duration with body image dissatisfaction (BID) among shift-working women in southern Brazil. In this cross-sectional study, data of 505 women shift workers, between 18 and 60 years old, were collected between January and April 2011. BID was assessed using the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale. Information on shift work, sleep duration, and other explanatory variables was collected through a questionnaire. An aggregated exposure variable was created and termed "sleep deprivation," with the exposure category being night-shift workers who slept < 7 h/day. The respective prevalence ratio values were estimated using a Poisson regression. The prevalence of BID among shift-working women was 42.4 (95% CIs = 38.0 to 46.7%), and 199 (93.0%) of these women wished they had a smaller body size. Shift work (PR = 1.40; p = 0.006) and sleep duration (PR = 1.32; p = 0.010) were independently associated with BID. Additionally, workers with sleep deprivation exhibited a higher probability of BID than those without sleep deprivation (PR = 1.31; p = 0.012). These results reveal a situation of vulnerability and the need for strategies and actions directed at shift-working women with the aim of reducing the effects of sleep deprivation on mental health, particularly with regard to body image disorders.

Characteristics of neighborhood environment (social cohesion and safety) and common mental disorders in ELSA-Brasil study: a multilevel analysis / Características do ambiente do bairro (coesão social e segurança) e transtornos mentais comuns no estudo ELSA-Brasil: uma análise multinível / Características del ambiente en barrios (cohesión social y seguridad) y trastornos mentales frecuentes en el estudio ELSA-Brasil: un análisis multinivel

The purpose of this study was to determine if self-reported characteristics of social cohesion and local neighborhood safety positively affect the mental health of their residents, regardless of individual characteristics. A sample of participants in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline was used. The Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R) instrument was used for tracking common mental disorders (CMD). Social cohesion and safety were measured by validated scales of neighborhood environment self-reported characteristics. The multilevel logistic regression model was used to estimate the effect in neighborhoods (level 2) and individuals (level 1), as well as the odds ratios for each neighborhood explanatory variable and social characteristics in the CMD. The results showed that part of the variance (2.3%), in the common mental disorders prevalence is attributed to local neighborhoods. The characteristics of social cohesion and safety remained significant, even after the adjustment of individual explanatory variables. This study confirmed the hypothesis that individuals living in neighborhoods where they perceive low social cohesion and safety present a higher chance of developing CMD.

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar se características auto-referidas de coesão social e segurança local dos bairros afetam positivamente a saúde mental de seus residentes, independentemente de características individuais. Uma amostra de participantes da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) foi usada. O instrumento Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R) foi usado para identificar transtornos mentais comuns (TMC). A coesão social e segurança foram medidos por meio de escalas validadas de características auto-relatadas do ambiente do bairro. Um modelo de regressão logística multinível foi usado para estimar os efeitos nos bairros (nível 2) e nos indivíduos (nível 1), bem como os odds ratios para cara variável explicativa de bairro e características sociais nos TMC. Os resultados demonstram que parte da variância (2,3%) da prevalência de TCM é atribuível aos bairros. As características de coesão social e segurança permaneceram significativas mesmo depois do ajuste de características explicativas individuais. Este estudo confirma a hipótese de que indivíduos que residem em bairros onde percebem baixa coesão social e segurança têm maior chance de desenvolver TCM.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si las características autoinformadas de cohesión social y seguridad local en barrios afectan positivamente la salud mental de sus residentes, independientemente de sus características individuales. Se utilizó como punto de partida una muestra de participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Además, se utilizó la herramienta Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R) para realizar un seguimiento de los trastornos mentales más comunes (TMC). La cohesión social y seguridad se midieron mediante escalas validadas de características autoinformadas del vecindario. El modelo de regresión logística multinivel se usó para estimar el efecto en los barrios (nivel 2) e individuos (nivel 1), así como las odds ratios para cada variable explicatoria de barrio y características sociales en los TMC. Los resultados mostraron que parte de la varianza (2,3%) en la prevalencia de TMC es atribuida a los barrios. Las características de cohesión social y seguridad fueron significativas, incluso después del ajuste de las variables individuales explicatorias. Este estudio confirmó la hipótesis de que los individuos que viven en barrios, donde percibían una baja cohesión social y seguridad, presentan una probabilidad más alta de desarrollar TMC.

Dietary patterns during pregnancy and the association with sociodemographic characteristics among women attending general practices in southern Brazil: the ECCAGe Study.

The assessment of the relationship between food intake and sociodemographic factors is crucial for developing effective public health policies. The present study aimed to examine dietary patterns in pregnant women and the association between these patterns and sociodemographic characteristics. Pregnant women attending general practices in southern Brazil (n = 712) answered a questionnaire and a food-frequency questionnaire with 88 items. Three dietary patterns were identified using cluster analysis. The association between the dietary patterns and sociodemographic variables was analyzed using the chi-square test and adjusted standardized residuals (p < 0,05). The restricted pattern was associated with lower maternal age, not living with a partner and being a non-working student. The varied pattern was associated with older maternal age, living with a partner, being employed and higher levels of education and income. The common-Brazilian dietary pattern included traditional Brazilian food items and was associated with lower levels of education and income, being unemployed and being a non-student.

Healthy eating index for pregnancy: adaptation for use in pregnant women in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dietary quality in a sample of pregnant women based on one simple and objective parameter. METHODS: Pregnant women (n = 712), between 16 and 36 weeks, attending primary care clinics in Porto Alegre and Bento Gonçalves, Southern Brazil, in 2010 were recruited to take part. The Healthy Eating Index for Brazilian Pregnancy (HEIP-B) was created, derived from the American instrument called Alternate Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P). Questionnaires on frequency of consumption and on socio-demographic factors were completed. Focused principal component analysis (ACPF) was used to assess the relationship between the index and nutrients relevant to pregnancy. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) of AHEI-P and HEIP-B were 66.6 (57.8-72.4) and 67.4 (60.0-73.4), respectively. The HEIP-B showed a good positive correlation with nutrients which are specifically recommended for pregnancy: folate (r = 0.8; p < 0.001), calcium (r = 0.6; p < 0.001) and iron (r = 0.7; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The quality of the diet of the pregnant women in this study was classified as within the "improvements needed" cut off point, which demonstrates the need for more specific education on nutrition for this stage of life. The index showed good correlations and, thus, may be considered an effective tool for assessing the quality of nutrition during pregnancy.

Dietary patterns during pregnancy and the association with sociodemographic characteristics among women attending general practices in southern Brazil: the ECCAGe Study / Padrões alimentares na gestação e associação com características sociodemográficas em mulheres atendidas em unidades básicas de saúde no Sul do Brasil: Estudo ECCAGe / Padrones alimentarios en la gestación y su asociación con características sociodemográficas en mujeres atendidas en unidades básicas de salud en el sur de Brasil: estudio ECCAGe

The assessment of the relationship between food intake and sociodemographic factors is crucial for developing effective public health policies. The present study aimed to examine dietary patterns in pregnant women and the association between these patterns and sociodemographic characteristics. Pregnant women attending general practices in southern Brazil (n = 712) answered a questionnaire and a food-frequency questionnaire with 88 items. Three dietary patterns were identified using cluster analysis. The association between the dietary patterns and sociodemographic variables was analyzed using the chi-square test and adjusted standardized residuals (p < 0,05). The restricted pattern was associated with lower maternal age, not living with a partner and being a non-working student. The varied pattern was associated with older maternal age, living with a partner, being employed and higher levels of education and income. The common-Brazilian dietary pattern included traditional Brazilian food items and was associated with lower levels of education and income, being unemployed and being a non-student.

A avaliação do consumo alimentar e das condições sociodemográficas é crucial para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas. Este estudo examinou os padrões alimentares em gestantes e sua associação com características sociodemográficas. Gestantes (n = 712) atendidas em unidades básicas de saúde no sul do Brasil, responderam a um questionário sobre as características sociodemográficas e a um outro de frequência alimentar. Foram identificados três padrões alimentares por análise de cluster. Utilizando-se o teste qui-quadrado com resíduos ajustado verificou-se a associação dos padrões alimentares com as variáveis sociodemográficas (p < 0,05). O padrão restrito foi associado com gestantes mais jovens, que não moram com o companheiro e só estudam; o padrão variado com mulheres mais velhas que moram com o companheiro, trabalham e têm níveis de escolaridade e renda mais altos. Mulheres que não trabalham nem estudam e possuem níveis de renda e escolaridade mais baixos estiveram associadas ao padrão comum-brasileiro, caracterizado por alimentos tradicionais da população brasileira.

La evaluación del consumo alimentario y de las condiciones sociodemográficas es crucial para el desarrollo de políticas públicas. Este estudio examinó padrones alimentarios en gestantes y su asociación con características sociodemográficas. Las gestantes (n = 712) atendidas en unidades básicas de salud en el sur de Brasil, respondieron a un cuestionario sobre características sociodemográficas y a un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria. Se identificaron tres padrones alimentarios por análisis de clúster. A través del test chi-cuadrado ajustado con residuos se verificó la asociación de los padrones alimentarios con las variables sociodemográficas (p < 0,05). El padrón restringido fue asociado con gestantes más jóvenes, que no viven con un compañero y sólo estudian; el padrón variado con mujeres más viejas, que viven con compañero, trabajan y tienen niveles de escolaridad y renta más altos. Mujeres que no trabajan ni estudian, y poseen niveles de renta y escolaridad más bajos, estuvieron asociadas al padrón común-brasileño, caracterizado por alimentos tradicionales de la población brasileña.

Índice de alimentação saudável para gestantes: adaptação para uso em gestantes brasileiras / Healthy eating index for pregnancy: adaptation for use in pregnant women in Brazil / Índice de alimentación saludable para gestantes: adaptación para uso en gestantes brasileñas

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade global da dieta em uma amostra de gestantes, a partir de um parâmetro único, simples e objetivo. MÉTODOS: Gestantes entre a 16ª e 36ª semana de gestação (n = 712) foram arroladas em unidades básicas de saúde em Porto Alegre e Bento Gonçalves, RS, em 2010. Com base no índice americano Alternate Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P) foi criado o Índice de Alimentação Saudável para Gestantes Brasileiras (HEIP-B). Foram aplicados o questionário de frequência alimentar e o questionário sociodemográfico. Foi utilizada a análise de componentes principais focada para avaliar a relação entre os índices e os nutrientes relevantes à gestação. RESULTADOS: A mediana e o intervalo interquartílico dos índices AHEI-P e HEIP-B foram 66,6 (57,8-72,4) e 67,4 (60,0-73,4), respectivamente. O HEIP-B mostrou boa correlação positiva com os nutrientes que têm recomendação específica no período gestacional folato (r = 0,8; p < 0,001), cálcio (r = 0,6; p < 0,001) e ferro (r = 0,7; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A qualidade da dieta das gestantes do presente estudo foi classificada dentro do ponto de corte "precisando de melhorias", o que mostra a necessidade de se trabalhar mais especificamente com educação alimentar nesse ciclo da vida. O índice aplicado mostrou boas correlações e, portanto, pode ser considerado um bom instrumento de avaliação da qualidade da alimentação durante a gestação.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dietary quality in a sample of pregnant women based on one simple and objective parameter. METHODS: Pregnant women (n = 712), between 16 and 36 weeks, attending primary care clinics in Porto Alegre and Bento Gonçalves, Southern Brazil, in 2010 were recruited to take part. The Healthy Eating Index for Brazilian Pregnancy (HEIP-B) was created, derived from the American instrument called Alternate Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P). Questionnaires on frequency of consumption and on socio-demographic factors were completed. Focused principal component analysis (ACPF) was used to assess the relationship between the index and nutrients relevant to pregnancy. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) of AHEI-P and HEIP-B were 66.6 (57.8-72.4) and 67.4 (60.0-73.4), respectively. The HEIP-B showed a good positive correlation with nutrients which are specifically recommended for pregnancy: folate (r = 0.8; p < 0.001), calcium (r = 0.6; p < 0.001) and iron (r = 0.7; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The quality of the diet of the pregnant women in this study was classified as within the "improvements needed" cut off point, which demonstrates the need for more specific education on nutrition for this stage of life. The index showed good correlations and, thus, may be considered an effective tool for assessing the quality of nutrition during pregnancy.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la calidad global de la dieta en una muestra de gestantes, a partir de um parámetro único, simple y objetivo. MÉTODOS: Gestantes entre 16ª y 36ª semana de gestación (n=712) fueron inventariadas en unidades básicas de salud en Porto Alegre y Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brasil, en 2010. Con base en el índice americano Alternate Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P) se creó en índice de Alimentación Saludable para Gestantes (HEIP-B). Se aplicaron el cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria y el cuestionario sociodemográfico. Se utilizó el análisis de componentes principales para evaluar la relación entre los índices y los nutrientes relevantes para la gestación. RESULTADOS: La mediana y el intervalo intercuartil de los índices AHEI-P y HEIP-B fueron 66,6 (57,8-72,4) y 67,4 (60,0-73,4), respectivamente. El HEIP-B mostró buena correlación positiva con los nutrientes que tienen recomendación específica en el período gestacional folato (r = 0,8; p < 0,001), calcio (r = 0,6; p < 0,001) e hierro (r = 0,7; p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: La calidad de la dieta de las gestantes del presente estudio fue clasificada dentro del punto de corte "precisando de mejorías", lo que muestra la necesidad de trabajar más específicamente con educación alimentaria en ese ciclo de la vida. El índice aplicado mostró buenas correlaciones y, por tanto, puede ser considerado un buen instrumento de evaluación de la calidad de la alimentación durante la gestación.

[Test-retest reliability of the scale silhouettes figures of body image in Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health]. / Confiabilidade teste-reteste de escalas de silhuetas de autoimagem corporal no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto.

We applied silhouette scales for assessing body image on two occasions with a 7 to 14 day interval in 281 participants in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to measure test-retest reliability. The item "how participants see their current body size" showed ICC from 0.92 to 0.97, with no difference by gender, age, or schooling. "Ideal body size" showed ICC from 0.86 to 0.92 and was lower among men. Temporal stability was satisfactory, allowing for use of the scales in studies on body image in the ELSA-Brasil and similar populations.

Binge eating during pregnancy and birth outcomes: a cohort study in a disadvantaged population in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of binge eating behavior (BE) during pregnancy on birth outcomes among 697 Brazilian women who attended primary care. METHOD: Pregnant women answered a questionnaire on sociodemographic data, obstetric history, and The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q). Perinatal outcomes were obtained from birth records. Birth weight, prematurity, caesarean delivery, being small or large for gestational age were compared among women reporting BE (N = 119) and those without BE (N = 578). Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between BE during pregnancy and birth outcomes. RESULTS: BE during pregnancy was not significantly associated with the birth outcomes analyzed. Gestational weight gain was significantly higher among those who reported BE. DISCUSSION: Binge eating behavior during pregnancy may not influence birth outcomes as binge eating disorder does but affects gestational weight gain. Women reporting binge eating during pregnancy should undergo a diagnostic assessment for eating disorders.

Violence during pregnancy and newborn outcomes: a cohort study in a disadvantaged population in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Violence against pregnant women is an increasing public health concern. The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of violence during pregnancy, to identify characteristics associated and to assess the impact of violence on newborn outcomes. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 652 pregnant women attending primary care clinics in Southern Brazil, from June 2006 to September 2007. Women with gestational age ranging from 16th and 36th were enrolled and their exposure to violence and mental disorder was assessed. After the birth they were contacted by telephone when information on obstetric and neonatal outcomes was obtained. RESULTS: Any violence during current pregnancy was reported by 18.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 15.3-21.4%] participants, 15.0% (95% CI 12.3-17.8%) psychological violence, 6% (95% CI 4.2-7.8%) physical violence and 3% (0-0.5%) sexual violence. These women were more often of low income, did not work or study and had inadequate prenatal care and pregnancy weight gain. There was a statistically significant crude association between exposure to physical and psychological violence [relative risk (RR) 3.21 (1.51-6.80)]. After adjustment for family income, number of prenatal visits, length of gestation and gestational weight gain, the effect size decreased, but remained statistically significant (RR 2.18; 95% CI 1.16-4.08%). CONCLUSION: In disadvantaged settings in Brazil, violence in pregnancy is frequent; it is associated with inadequate maternal weight gain during pregnancy and prenatal care, and increases risk of low birth-weight. Thus, violence in pregnancy imposes a challenge to effective prenatal care delivery with potential benefits to the mother and her baby.

Socioeconomic, demographic and nutritional factors associated with maternal weight gain in general practices in Southern Brazil.

In order to describe adequacy of weight gain during pregnancy and its association with pre-pregnancy nutritional status and other factors, a cohort study of pregnant women enrolled at 16-36 weeks of gestation and followed up until delivery was carried out in prenatal care in primary care services in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Maternal weight was recorded at each prenatal care visit. Weight gain was classified as "adequate," "insufficient" or "excessive" (Institute of Medicine). Poisson regression was used to measure the associations. The sample was comprised of 667 women, and insufficient and excessive weight gain incidences were 25.8% and 44.8%, respectively. Overweight and obese before pregnancy had a significant increased risk of excessive weight gain in pregnancy (RR: 1.75; 95%CI: 1.48-2.07, RR: 1.55; 95%CI: 1.23-1.96, respectively). Women with fewer than six prenatal visits had a 52% increased risk for weight gain below recommended values. Although insufficient weight gain may still be a public health problem, excessive gain is becoming a concern that needs immediate attention in prenatal care.

Socioeconomic, demographic and nutritional factors associated with maternal weight gain in general practices in Southern Brazil / Fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e nutricionais associados com ganho de peso gestacional em unidades básicas de saúde no Sul do Brasil

In order to describe adequacy of weight gain during pregnancy and its association with pre-pregnancy nutritional status and other factors, a cohort study of pregnant women enrolled at 16-36 weeks of gestation and followed up until delivery was carried out in prenatal care in primary care services in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Maternal weight was recorded at each prenatal care visit. Weight gain was classified as "adequate," "insufficient" or "excessive" (Institute of Medicine). Poisson regression was used to measure the associations. The sample was comprised of 667 women, and insufficient and excessive weight gain incidences were 25.8 percent and 44.8 percent, respectively. Overweight and obese before pregnancy had a significant increased risk of excessive weight gain in pregnancy (RR: 1.75; 95 percentCI: 1.48-2.07, RR: 1.55; 95 percentCI: 1.23-1.96, respectively). Women with fewer than six prenatal visits had a 52 percent increased risk for weight gain below recommended values. Although insufficient weight gain may still be a public health problem, excessive gain is becoming a concern that needs immediate attention in prenatal care.

Para caracterizar o ganho ponderal gestacional e sua associação com estado nutricional pré-gestacional e fatores relacionados à gravidez, realizou-se estudo de coorte com gestantes arroladas consecutivamente entre a 16ª e a 36ª semanas, e seguidas até o parto em serviços da rede básica de saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Informações do peso da gestante em cada consulta de pré-natal foram obtidas. Ganho de peso foi classificado conforme o Instituto de Medicina dos Estados Unidos. Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi utilizada. Incidências de ganho de peso insuficiente e excessivo das 667 gestantes foram de 25,8 por cento e 44,8 por cento, respectivamente. Gestantes com sobrepeso e obesidade pré-gestacional apresentaram risco para ganho ponderal excessivo (RR: 1,75; IC95 por cento: 1,48-2,07 e RR: 1,55; IC95 por cento: 1,23-1,96). Gestantes com menos de seis consultas de pré-natal tiveram risco de 52 por cento de ganhar peso insuficiente. Embora o ganho ponderal insuficiente persista como um problema de saúde pública, o ganho excessivo está se configurando como uma questão que precisa de atenção imediata nos serviços de pré-natal.

Violence and depressive symptoms during pregnancy: a primary care study in Brazil.

AIM: To estimate the prevalence of violence, depressive symptoms, and associated factors during pregnancy in women attending antenatal care in Brazil. METHODS: Violence was assessed using a modified version of the abuse assessment screen (ASS), and depressive symptoms were evaluated using the primary care evaluation of mental disorders (PRIME-MD). Participants were pregnant women attending 18 primary care units in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between June 2006 and April 2007. A total of 712 pregnant women participated, but only 627 of them responded the ASS. RESULTS: Experience of any lifetime violence was reported by 273 (43.4%) women and 114 (18.2%) reported violence during the current pregnancy. One-third of them (n = 211) reported lifetime domestic violence and 100 (15.9%) women reported this type of violence during the current pregnancy. Experience of domestic violence during pregnancy was more common in unemployed women, among those with two or more children, with a higher consumption of alcohol, and who had not planned their current pregnancy. Of the total of sample (n = 712), 198 (27.8%) women reported six or more depressive symptoms. The presence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy was associated with low educational levels, living in a household with five or more people, and with higher consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women attending primary care are exposed to high rates of domestic violence, and many have clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Appropriate interventions to avoid or minimize the effects of violence and mental disorders to the well-being of the mothers and their babies are urgently required. Primary care services play an important role in identifying and supporting women at risk.

Validação relativa de Questionário de Freqüência Alimentar em gestantes usuárias de serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde em dois municípios no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire conducted among pregnant women attended by the Brazilian National Health Service, in two municipalities of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

OBJETIVOS: avaliar o desempenho do Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA), desenvolvido por Sichieri e Everhart, em medir o consumo alimentar de gestantes atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), comparando as estimativas de consumo de energia e nutrientes com as obtidas por recordatórios alimentares. MÉTODOS: foram realizadas duas entrevistas com gestantes em atendimento pré-natal em Bento Gonçalves e Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Na primeira, foi aplicado o QFA e, depois, os recordatórios alimentares relativos aos dois dias prévios. Na segunda, foram obtidos novos recordatórios. Médias e limites de concordância para as diferenças entre as duas avaliações de ingestão alimentar foram calculadas conforme Bland-Altman. RESULTADOS: a diferença entre os métodos mostrou que o QFA superestimou o consumo de energia e nutrientes. O coeficiente de correlação ajustado para energia variou de 0,01 (gordura insaturada) a 0,47 (cálcio). Correlações maiores foram observadas para fibras, vitamina C, ácido fólico, cálcio e potássio. Em média, 30% das gestantes foram classificadas no mesmo quartil de consumo. CONCLUSÕES: o QFA pode ser uma ferramenta útil para avaliar consumo de gestantes em estudos epidemiológicos, contanto que sejam realizados esforços para melhorar seu desempenho. É necessário avaliar a influência de características sócio-demográficas e estado de saúde na validade do método.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) previously designed by Sichieri and Everhart to provide information about food consumption among pregnant women attended by the Brazilian National Health Service. To compare the mean daily intakes of energy and nutrients as assessed using a FFQ and dietary recalls. METHODS: the study took place in two cities: Bento Gonçalves and Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. During a first interview, the FFQ was administered to pregnant women, followed by two dietary recalls. In a second interview two further food recalls were obtained. The Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess the degree of agreement between the FFQ and dietary recalls. RESULTS: the FFQ produced higher energy and nutrient intakes. The correlation coefficient between nutrient intake measured using dietary recalls and using the questionnaire, after adjusting for energy intake, ranged from 0.1 (unsaturated fat) to 0.47 (calcium). The nutrients: fiber, Vitamin C, folate, calcium and potassium showed higher coefficients (above 0.4). Thirty percent of individuals were classified by the two dietary assessment methods into the same quartile. CONCLUSION: this FFQ is a useful tool for epidemiological studies among pregnant women; although efforts need to be made to improve its performance. More studies are necessary to identify sociocultural and behavioural factors that influence its validity.

Tratamento psicoterápico dos transtornos alimentares: uma proposta de integração / Psychotherapic treatment of eating disorders: an integrative approach

Os autores apresentam algumas das principais evidências das pesquisas sobre os tratamentos psicológicos dos transtornos do comportamento alimentar. A seguir, tecem algumas considerações a respeito dos achados, refletindo sobre a aplicabilidade clínica dos mesmos. Descrevem-se as particularidades da complexidade dessas síndromes e as etapas da abordagem psicoterápica dentro de uma equipe interdisciplinar. Esboçam uma proposta de tratamento que integra técnicas cognitivo-comportamentais á abordagem psicodinâmica. Apresentam ainda, os aspectos relevantes e as limitações deste modelo integrado e concluem que, no futuro, será importante que os ensaios clínicos levem em consideração a prática clínica com referenciais teóricos mais mistos, ao invés de focalizá-los em técnicas sistematizadas.

Tratamento psicoterápico dos transtornos alimentares: uma proposta de integração / Psychotherapic treatment of eating disorders: an integrative approach

Os autores apresentam algumas das principais evidências das pesquisas sobre os tratamentos psicológicos dos transtornos do comportamento alimentar. A seguir, tecem algumas considerações a respeito dos achados, refletindo sobre a aplicabilidade clínica dos mesmos. Descrevem-se as particularidades da complexidade dessas síndromes e as etapas da abordagem psicoterápica dentro de uma equipe interdisciplinar. Esboçam uma proposta de tratamento que integra técnicas cognitivo-comportamentais á abordagem psicodinâmica. Apresentam ainda, os aspectos relevantes e as limitações deste modelo integrado e concluem que, no futuro, será importante que os ensaios clínicos levem em consideração a prática clínica com referenciais teóricos mais mistos, ao invés de focalizá-los em técnicas sistematizadas (AU)

Anorexia nervosa. Parte I: quadro clínico, critérios diagnósticos e etiologia / Anorexia mervosa. Part I: clinical aspects, diagnostic criteria and etiology

Neste artigo os autores abordam o tema Anorexia Nervosa em seus diferentes aspectos. Inicialmente destacam sua crescente prevalência, descrevem alguns aspectos históricos, suas manifestaçöes clínicas e critérios diagnósticos. Procuram discutir a natureza multifatorial da etiopatogenia da AN - fatores biológicos, psicológicos e socioculturais.

Anorexia nervosa. Parte II: tratamento / Anorexia nervosa. Part II: treatment

Este artigo revisa as diferentes abordagens indicadas no tratamento da Anorexia Nervosa, salientando algumas peculiaridades técnicas da psicoterapia dinamicamente orientada com pacientes anoréxicos.

Anorexia nervosa: relato de caso / Anorexia nervosa: case report

As autoras revisam aspectos de compreensäo dinâmica individual e familiar da anorexia nervosa através do relato de um caso clínico. Enfatizam as dificuldades com relaçäo ao manejo da trnasferência e contratransferência destes casos, bem como sugerem a necessidade de atendimento por uma equipe multidisciplinar devido à complexidade em abordar as pacientes em seus vários contextos: individual, familiar e social.